Ways of Presenting Ideas and Arguments

　　引入类型

　　Types of writing

　　适用表述

　　Ways you might present this in your essay

　　1 当作者对自己所陈述的内容非常肯定，坚定不移时

　　When the writer is very committed， even passionate， about the ideas he/she writes

　　X asserts that…

　　X strongly argues that…

　　X firmly believes that…

　　X is committed to the idea that…

　　2 当作者引述极为具体细致的论据来论证其观点时

　　When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas

　　The work of X shows that…

　　X concludes that…

　　X found that…

　　X discovered that…

　　X learned that…

　　3 当作者本身对其所引述或陈述的观点持谨慎保留的态度时

　　When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward

　　Research by X indicates that…

　　X suggests that…

　　4 当作者仅凭个人经验表达观点时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only

　　The work of X indicates that…

　　X believes that…

　　X feels that…

　　5 当作者引述在读者看来值得质疑的观点时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical about

　　X claims that…

　　X believes that…

　　According to X…

　　6 当作者非常直率地陈述观点，并辅以相当显而易见且理由充分的论据支持时

　　When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way， backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presented

　　X states that…

　　X reports that…

　　X notes that…

　　X found that…

　　X observes that…

　　X concludes that…

　　As X points out， …

　　X has drawn attention to the fact that…

　　X argues that…

　　以上就是关于托福写作中可以取代said的各种用法，考生需要在托福写作中运用一些新词新说法，避免雷同单调。