本文为各位考生准备了托福独立写作结构解析之描述解释型，便于考生们备考托福。

　　不管是ETS公布的独立写作185题库，还是改革后网考中出现的托福独立写作题，它们都有一定的共性。独立写作185题库的题目可以按题材分类，对于同一题材或基本类似的题目，可以使用相同的理由和例子作为论据。如果能按照分类题材进行复习，就能节省时间并提高效率。但是光掌握话题是远远不够的，因为在拿到一个新托福的独立写作的题目后，很多考生依然不知所措，不知如何下手。

　　小编建议广大托福考生在面对一个考题时，可以参考动笔前的解题三部曲：先审题找出话题和问题模式，第二步得出文章结构，第三部做Brainstorming扩展论据，准备完毕后再下笔写文章。本文将为大家介绍第二步得出新托福独立写作文章结构的一些技巧。

　　从应考方面而言，在接触一个新托福独立写作的题目时，我们必须要掌握的是文章的结构。严谨的结构对观点的表达有事半功倍的作用。ETS公布的185题库的题目和近几年的托福网考考题，除了话题上的共性外，在问题模式上和雅思议论文一样，可以归为固定的几类问题模式：

　　描述解释型

　　比较对比型

　　二选一型

　　I 描述解释型

　　1)概念判断

　　判断一道作文题是否属于“描述解释型”，可以看题目是是否包含下列词汇：describe, explain, identify, why, reason, cause, what, how等。如：

　　1. (独立写作185题库21题。一下括号中的题号均为ETS同一题库的题号)

　　In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

　　2. (168题)

　　Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries. Why do some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

　　3. (179题)

　　What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.

　　2)对应结构分析

　　由上述三道题目中关键词causes, why, what，我们可以判断它们属于“描述解释型”题目。那么此种问题模式所对应的文章结构安排如下：

　　第一段：引言

　　1. 背景陈述

　　2. 给出主题陈述

　　第二段：讨论话题第一点

　　1. 分论点一(段落主题句)

　　2. 例证一(论证过程)

　　第三段：讨论话题第二点

　　1. 分论点二(段落主题句)

　　2. 例证二(论证过程)

　　第四段：讨论话题第一点

　　1. 分论点三(段落主题句)

　　2. 例证三(论证过程)

　　第五段： 结论

　　1. 复述主题陈述

　　2. 总结几个分论点

　　对应的英文文章结构如下所示：

　　Paragraph 1: Introduction

　　Background + layout

　　Paragraph 2-4: Body

　　Reason one / Quality one

　　Topic Sentence + supporting sentences

　　Reason two / Quality two

　　Topic Sentence + supporting sentences

　　Reason three / Quality three

　　Topic Sentence + supporting sentences

　　Paragraph 5: Conclusion:

　　Restatement of the Body

　　根据上述结构，给刚刚列举的三道题目中的第一题列出下列提纲：

　　原创范例(21题)：

　　Introduction: A few reasons are thought to contribute to such phenomenon of a longer life expectancy than before.

　　Main body 1: First of all, availability of basic health care makes people live longer.

　　eg. More doctors and medicine for common diseases readily available

　　Main body 2: Moreover, advances in medicine enable people to live a longer life.

　　eg. development of vaccines against some diseases and flus to prolong patients’ lives.

　　Main body 3: Last but not least, increasing awareness of health makes people live longer.

　　eg. regular exercise and change of health-related habits.

　　原创范例(168题)：

　　Introduction: Several factors are thought to be the essential to lead to this phenomenon that an increasing number of students choose to further their education abroad instead of at home, three of which are most significant.

　　Main body 1: First of all, studying abroad enables the students to pursue a program that is not available in their home country.

　　eg. learning US accounting system

　　Main body 2: Moreover, studying overseas is a good way to enhance their competitive edge in the future job market.

　　eg. developing a western critical mind

　　Main body 3: Last but not least, students can have access to a new language via pursuing education in a foreign country.

　　eg. learning English in the USA

　　通过上述结构的介绍，考生可以自行扩展第三题，模仿原创范例，写一个提纲。从上面提纲我们不难发现，在写此类文章过程中，要使文章结构上有逻辑的话，必须掌握表示列举关系和因果关系的连词，先列举如下:

　　列举Enumeration：

　　第一项，首先： in the first place, firstly, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, first and foremost

　　第二项，此外： second, secondly, in the second place, also, besides, in addition, moreover, furthermore

　　第三项，最后： third, thirdly, in the third place, last but not least, finally, eventually

　　因果Cause and effect:

　　原因： because, as, since, for

　　because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, stemming from

　　结果： as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence

　　只有在掌握了表示此类关系的连词的基础上，考生才能自如地运用之前所列举的结构，连贯逻辑的表达。值得一提的是，在最近的托福独立写作考题中，描述解释型的题目出现的几率相对较低。但考生在考前还是需要全面复习，掌握此种问题模式和对应的文章结构，才能在考试中胸有成竹。